Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers in Pediatric Intussusception—A Systematic Review

Background/Objectives: Pediatric intussusception, a condition where part of the intestine telescopes into an adjacent segment, predominantly affects children aged 6–18 months. Prompt diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent serious complications such as ischemia or necrosis. This systematic review aims to comprehensively evaluate and synthesize existing research on predictive and prognostic biomarkers associated with pediatric intussusception that can aid in early diagnosis, severity assessment, outcome prediction, and treatment. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using specific MeSH and free-text terms related to intussusception, biomarkers, and the pediatric population. The review followed PRISMA guidelines, with independent screening, data extraction, and quality assessment using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. A total of 47 studies, mostly retrospective cohorts from diverse countries, with over 20,000 patients, were included. Results: The studies identified numerous biomarkers associated with disease severity, including hematological markers and indices (e.g., WBC counts and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio), inflammatory markers (CRP and cytokines), biochemical markers (serum lactate, D-dimer, and electrolytes), and novel molecular markers (I-FABP, MCP-1, and transfer RNA fragments). Elevated inflammatory markers and derived ratios consistently predicted bowel necrosis, ischemia, and need for surgery. Biochemical markers like serum lactate and D-dimer correlated with ischemic severity. Emerging molecular biomarkers show promise for early, non-invasive risk stratification. However, heterogeneity in study designs, assay methods, and cutoff values currently limits immediate clinical application. Conclusions: Biomarker research offers valuable tools for improving pediatric intussusception management, with the potential to enhance early diagnosis and outcome prediction. While traditional markers are useful, novel molecular and protein biomarkers hold promise for more specific and rapid assessment. Validation through multicenter, prospective studies and standardized protocols is essential before routine implementation. Integrating biomarkers with clinical and imaging data could refine decision-making, ultimately reducing morbidity and improving prognosis in affected children.