What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to develop a unified model that clarifies the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes based on insulin function rather than resistance.

April 23, 2026Open Access

A Unified Mechanistic Model for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin Deficiency, Not Insulin Resistance

Key Points

The aim is to develop a unified model that clarifies the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes based on insulin function rather than resistance.
Proposed a biological model for diabetes that distinguishes between insulin deficiency and resistance.
Analyzed the implications of hyperglycemia as a total insulin functional deficit.
The model suggests that both types of diabetes stem from insufficient insulin function.
Indicates that traditional views on insulin resistance need reevaluation.

Abstract

This paper proposes a falsifiable, unified mechanistic model for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus, based on the core axioms: Insulin Deficiency ≠ Insulin Resistance, and Hyperglycemia = Total Insulin Functional Deficit (TIFD). It explains both forms of diabetes through insufficient insulin function rather than autoimmunity or cellular resistance, unifying their pathophysiology under a single framework. The model is falsifiable, biologically consistent, and provides clear clinical and research implications.

A Unified Mechanistic Model for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin Deficiency, Not Insulin Resistance

Key Points

Abstract

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