What question did this study set out to answer?

The study examines how calcaneal angles relate to factors such as age, sex, height, and body weight.

April 24, 2026Open Access

Relationship of Calcaneal Angles with Age, Sex, Side, Height and Body Weight

Key Points

The study examines how calcaneal angles relate to factors such as age, sex, height, and body weight.
Analyzed bilateral weight-bearing lateral foot radiographs of 425 individuals without foot pathology.
Calculated mean values for Bhler, Gissane, calcaneal inclination, lateral talocalcaneal, and Fowler-Philip angles.
Performed correlation and regression analyses to assess relationships between angles and demographic factors.
Significant differences in Bhler, calcaneal inclination, lateral talocalcaneal, and Fowler-Philip angles across age groups.
Gissane and Fowler-Philip angles exhibited significant sex-related differences.
Positive correlations found between Bhler angle and height in males, while negative correlations were observed with weight in both genders.

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the relationships between Bhler (BA), Gissane (GA), calcaneal inclination (CIA), lateral talocalcaneal (LTCA), and Fowler-Philip (FPA) angles, which play a significant role in the diagnosis of foot deformities and in clinical and surgical decision-making, and age, sex, laterality, body height, and body weight.Additionally, this study aims to establish individualspecific normative reference values.Bilateral weight-bearing lateral foot radiographs (n=850) of 425 individuals (216 males, 209 females; mean age: 45.14 15.82 years) without foot pathology were analyzed.The mean values were BA:30.59 3.5, GA:116.06 4.64, CIA:25.5 3.62, LTCA:44.14 6.87, and FPA:61.44 2.73.There were significant differences compared to measurements reported in other populations.BA, CIA, LTCA, and FPA demonstrated significant differences across age groups (BA: p=0.002;CIA: p<0.001;LTCA: p<0.001;FPA: p<0.001).GA and FPA exhibited significant sex-related differences (GA: p=0.011;FPA: p<0.001).No significant correlation was determined between the angles and side.In males, BA was correlated with height positively (r=0.185,p<0.001), while GA showed a positive correlation (r=0.148,p=0.003) and CIA a negative correlation (r=-0.141,p=0.004) with height in females.Regarding body weight, BA was positively correlated in males (r=0.139,p=0.004), whereas CIA (r=-0.156,p=0.001) and LTCA (r=-0.137,p=0.004) showed negative correlations.In females, LTCA was also correlated with weight negatively (r=-0.193,p<0.001).Given the regression analysis, age was associated with a 0.025 decrease in BA per year (p=0.001).GA was, on average, 1.854 higher in females than in males (p<0.001).Each 1 cm increase in height was related with a 0.075 increase in GA (p=0.001), while each 1 kg increase in body weight was related with decreases of 0.051 in CIA (p<0.001),0.104 in LTCA (p<0.001), and 0.019 in FPA (p=0.024).These findings highlight the necessity of considering age, sex, height, and body weight in addition to population-based reference values when evaluating calcaneal angles.

Bookmark

View Full Paper

Cite This Study

Altuntas et al. (Sun,) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69eb0803553a5433e34b3449 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022026000100023

Bookmark

View Full Paper