Uncovering the dynamic evolution and driving factors of global copper resources trade pattern

The imminent shortage of copper may hinder the global transition towards clean energy and digital infrastructure. Based on the global copper resource trade data from 2000 to 2023, this study uses complex network analysis techniques and QAP analysis methods to explore the evolution path of the global copper resource trade network over time, the dynamic changes in node roles, and the driving mechanisms of network structure mutations. The results indicate that: (1) The participating countries and trade volume of global copper resource trade are showing an expanding trend, which has led to a continuous increase in the complexity of the trade network. (2) The core-periphery structural characteristics of the global copper resource trade network are significant, with a few core countries playing a leading role. (3) Three community structures have been identified in the global copper resource trade network, with significant changes in the countries within these communities and an improvement in the status of emerging economies. (4) Some key factors such as economic scale, population size, carbon dioxide emissions, and political stability drive the evolution of the global copper resource trade network, which exhibits distinct phased characteristics.