), along with increased immunomodulatory metabolites such as tricin and baicalein. Correlation network analysis revealed HMO-specific small intestinal "microbiota-metabolite-immune" axes, wherein microbial changes were strongly associated with metabolite profiles, which in turn correlated with the expression of small intestinal immune-related genes as well as serum inflammatory cytokines. This study demonstrates that HMOs can modulate the small intestinal microbiota and epithelial transcription in a structure-specific manner in pups.
Li et al. (Wed,) studied this question.