The rapid expansion of digital health technologies has transformed how people seek, interpret, and use medical information. Tools supporting self-diagnosis—such as online symptom checkers, AI-based chatbots, wearable biosensors, and mobile health applications—are now widely used across healthcare systems. This review examines the clinical, ethical, and societal implications of these developments. A structured search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library identified peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2025 evaluating consumer-oriented diagnostic technologies. Eligible studies addressed diagnostic performance, behavioral outcomes, regulation, health literacy, and equity. Due to methodological heterogeneity, results were synthesized narratively. Evidence suggests that digital self-diagnosis tools provide several benefits, including improved access to health information, earlier symptom assessment, triage support, and greater patient engagement. These advantages may be particularly important in resource-limited settings and during periods of healthcare system strain. However, notable concerns remain. Diagnostic accuracy varies considerably, and triage advice may be overly cautious or occasionally inappropriate. Additional risks include increased health anxiety, exposure to misinformation, data privacy issues, and the potential to exacerbate existing social inequalities. Moreover, the current evidence base is uneven, with limited real-world validation and insufficient research on long-term behavioral and professional impacts. Digital self-diagnosis represents a lasting structural change rather than a temporary trend. Its effective integration into healthcare systems will require stronger regulatory oversight, greater investment in digital health literacy, and interdisciplinary research addressing clinical effectiveness, ethical governance, and equity. Careful management is necessary to ensure that technological innovation strengthens—rather than undermines—the quality and fairness of medical care.
Omiecińska et al. (Mon,) studied this question.