Capsaicin and nonivamide are vanillylamide alkaloids isolated from chili peppers. Capsaicin- and nonivamide-type compounds exhibit a variety of medical and agrochemical properties such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-Alzheimer's disease, insecticidal, and antibacterial activities. In this review, the extraction, purification, and total synthesis methods employed for capsaicin and nonivamide in recent years are summarized. Simultaneously, the advances on structural modifications, biological activities, delivery systems, and structure-activity relationships of capsaicin, nonivamide, and their derivatives/analogues from 2018 to 2025 are also presented. We hope to provide crucial information for the prospective design and application of capsaicin- and nonivamide-type compounds as potent drugs and pesticides.
Wen et al. (Mon,) studied this question.