As global resource demands intensify, the ecological footprint has become a key indicator for assessing environmental sustainability. However, existing studies rely predominantly on aspatial approaches, overlooking potential spatial structure and heterogeneity. This study addresses this gap by developing the Spatially Embedded Composite Indicator (SECI) framework, which identifies three spatial regimes: convergence, independence, and dispersion. Using data for 48 African countries from 1961 to 2022, we apply exploratory spatial data analysis, including Global and Local Moran's I, combined with spatial regression diagnostics based on SAR and SEM models. The results show that Global Moran's I remains statistically insignificant throughout the study period (1961: I = 0.009; 2022: I = 0.120, p = 0.34). LISA analysis reveals localized Low–Low clustering in the Sahel–Horn of Africa from 2000 onward, in addition to the existence of isolated high-EF outliers. Overall, EF dynamics appear to be primarily driven by national factors rather than regional spillovers. These findings challenge assumptions of regional convergence embedded in sustainability frameworks such as the African Union Agenda 2063. Ecological footprint monitoring may therefore require greater emphasis on national-level dynamics, alongside targeted coordination for transboundary environmental challenges such as shared ecosystems, water resources, and climate-related shocks. • Develops SECI framework to classify spatial regime of indicators. • Reveals spatial independence in EF across 48 African countries. • Identifies Low-Low clustering only in the Sahel–Horn region. • Policy alignment should prioritize national strategies.
Niangue et al. (Tue,) studied this question.