A Comparative Analysis of Performance, Constraints, and Opportunities Among Male and Female MSME Entrepreneurs: Evidence from Barrackpore Subdivision, North 24 Parganas.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in India's economic growth and employment generation, yet gender disparities persist. This study compares the performance, constraints, and opportunities of male and female MSME entrepreneurs in the Barrackpore subdivision of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal. Based on a quantitative cross-sectional survey, the study uses descriptive statistics and regression analysis to examine gender differences. The findings reveal that male entrepreneurs perform better in terms of growth, income, and access to finance, digital tools, and institutional support. Women entrepreneurs face greater financial constraints, lower digital adoption, and socio-cultural barriers. Spatial disparities further intensify these challenges, particularly in rural areas. The results highlight that access to finance, digital usage, education, and institutional support significantly influence MSME performance, with gender remaining a key factor. The study emphasises the need for gender-sensitive policies to ensure inclusive and sustainable MSME development.