This study introduces a Three-Phase Pedagogical Model (TPM) for foundational mechanics education to better cultivate students’ innovative application competencies. The TPM comprises three temporal phases—Phase 1 Experiential Foundations, Phase 2 Scaffolded Application, and Phase 3 Innovation future work should employ multi-site randomized or stepped-wedge trials, test cross-institutional measurement invariance of competency indices, and evaluate cost, equity, and VR-integrated adaptive cycle scalability in resource-constrained settings. These findings position the TPM as a structured, evidence-informed architecture advancing outcome-focused engineering education reform.
Zhang et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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