being the predominant elements. Z induced only a transient enrichment of ARGs, while La-Z maintained higher levels of ARGs and significantly increased MGEs. Multidimensional analyses revealed that the dynamics of ARGs were primarily influenced by synergistic interactions among physicochemical factors, MGEs, and host communities, with the combined effects surpassing individual contributions. Despite La-Z's strong ability to adsorb OTC, it unexpectedly exacerbated ARG enrichment in OFR composting, primarily due to altered physicochemical conditions, prolonged antibiotic stress, and the activation of MGEs. These findings provide a feasibility assessment and a mechanistic analysis of how Z and La-Z regulate ARGs during the maturation phase of OFR composting under ultra-high OTC levels. This study highlights the dual effects of additives in this extreme exposure context and emphasises the necessity for careful evaluation of control strategies for the safe reuse of OFR.
Wang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.