Based on the classical axiomatic system of the final revised Time Field Theory (TFT), we extend the theory to cosmological scales without introducing any new axioms, free parameters or ad hoc assumptions. This study demonstrates that cosmic expansion and dark energy effects are natural consequences of the global temporal evolution of the scalar time field γ(t) in flat three-dimensional Euclidean space. In this paper, we derive the relationship between photon frequency and the time field from purely classical first principles, unify gravitational redshift and cosmological redshift, prove the mathematical decoupling of local gravity from global cosmic evolution, and obtain an effective dark energy equation of state w=−1 consistent with observations through an equivalent mapping to standard cosmology. On this basis, we derive the luminosity distance formula purely classically from the fundamental definition of photon flux, introduce the concept of "observed effective volume", rigorously derive the evolution law of matter density from first principles, analytically solve the cosmological field equations, and present a parameter-free prediction of the Hubble constant. Quantitative validation using the latest public Pantheon+ dataset (1701 Type Ia supernovae) shows that TFT achieves a fitting accuracy comparable to the standard flat ΛCDM model (two free parameters) with only one free parameter, yielding a best-fit Hubble constant of H₀=69.7±1.2 km/s/Mpc. This value lies precisely between the Planck satellite CMB observation and the SH0ES collaboration supernova observation, providing a natural explanation for the Hubble tension problem that has plagued cosmology for years. This framework is singularity-free, information-conserving, and achieves a complete unification of local gravity and global cosmic dynamics.
Huowang Huang (Wed,) studied this question.