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antibodies demonstrate modulation of engulfment outcomes. We further employ Physics-Informed Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (PIKANs) as an alternative to standard PINNs, demonstrating improved robustness under noise and sampling variability. More broadly, our multiscale platform linking biophysical simulation with systems-level inference is generalizable, offering mechanistic insights and computational tools for therapeutic exploration in diseases involving dysregulated phagocytosis. Significance statement: inhibitory pathway that normally prevents phagocytosis. The framework provides a predictive platform for studying immune clearance and may help guide therapeutic strategies targeting red blood cell-macrophage interactions.
Chai et al. (Wed,) studied this question.