Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain associated with changes in stool frequency and consistency. Symptoms vary in both intensity and frequency. IBS is classified into subtypes: IBS-D (diarrhea-predominant), IBS-C (constipation-predominant), mixed IBS (IBS-M), and unclassified IBS (IBS-U). The etiopathogenesis is multifactorial and includes visceral hypersensitivity, alterations in central nervous system pain processing, motility disturbances, immune activation, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and increased intestinal permeability. Psychological factors, stress, and childhood trauma further modulate symptom expression. The prevalence of IBS is estimated at 10-15% of the general population, with higher incidence in women and individuals under 50 years of age. Genetic and familial factors contribute to susceptibility, while acute gastroenteritis and post-infectious states represent important triggers. Epidemiological data suggest relatively stable prevalence over time, with spontaneous remission occurring in a subset of patients. The diagnostic approach is based on the Rome IV criteria and a positive diagnostic strategy, with exclusion of alarm symptoms and selective laboratory evaluation. Treatment is individualized according to subtype, dominant symptoms, and psychosocial burden. Core interventions include patient education, dietary modification, and pharmacotherapy, while neuromodulators, probiotics, and psychological interventions play an important role in patients with marked visceral hypersensitivity or refractory symptoms. Understanding IBS through a biopsychosocial model enables a rational and personalized approach to diagnosis and therapy, aiming to reduce symptoms, improve functional status, and enhance quality of life. Psychological therapies and complementary approaches, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, hypnotherapy, and stress-reduction techniques, contribute to long-term improvement in patients' quality of life.
Joksimović et al. (Thu,) studied this question.