= 1,418). Overall, we largely replicated the pattern of findings reported in the original study. Results revealed systematic differences in the distributions and longitudinal properties of personality functioning and personality traits. Across time, maladaptive traits were jointly predicted by impairments in personality functioning and normal-range personality traits, indicating both shared and unique contributions. Taken together, these findings provide further longitudinal support for both similarities and distinctions between personality functioning and trait dimensions within the alternative model of personality disorders framework. By extending prior work to a different population and methodological context, this replication study strengthens the evidence for the robustness and generalizability of existing conclusions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Liu et al. (Thu,) studied this question.