Abstract: Proanthocyanidins are naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds found abundantly in various plant sources, including fruits, seeds, and nuts. This review investigates the intricate mechanisms by which PAs exert their biological effects, highlighting their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. We explore the structural diversity of PAs, including their oligomeric and polymeric forms, which significantly influence their bioactivity. The review further discusses the challenges in analytical characterization and quantification due to the complexity of these compounds. We present evidence supporting the health benefits of PAs in diverse applications, such as functional foods, dietary supplements, and cosmetics. The mechanisms underlying their health-promoting effects, including modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, are examined in detail. Additionally, we address their potential role in disease prevention, particularly in cancer and cardiovascular health. Finally, the review outlines future directions for research on proanthocyanidins, emphasizing the need for standardized analytical methods, clinical studies to confirm health claims, and exploration of novel applications in food, medicine, and cosmetics. By enhancing our understanding of PAs, we can better harness their potential for promoting human health and developing innovative products.
Godse et al. (Mon,) studied this question.