Pharmacological Management of HIV/AIDS: Current Therapeutic Strategies, Advances, and Challenges

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a major global health concern, significantly impacting morbidity, mortality, and healthcare systems worldwide. Over the past few decades, the pharmacological management of HIV/AIDS has undergone a remarkable transformation, primarily due to the development and widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Early initiation and strict adherence to ART have been shown to improve patient outcomes, reduce disease progression, and minimize the risk of transmission. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology of HIV infection. It highlights current treatment strategies, including standard treatment regimens and preventive approaches such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). It also discusses the benefits of ART in enhancing life expectancy and quality of life among infected individuals. Furthermore, recent advancements, including long-acting injectable therapies, novel drug classes, and emerging approaches such as gene therapy and immunotherapy, are explored as promising developments in HIV management. Despite significant progress, several challenges persist, including drug resistance, adverse effects, long-term toxicity, limited accessibility, and social stigma. Addressing these issues requires continuous research, improved healthcare infrastructure, and equitable access to treatment. Overall, an integrated and patient-centered approach is essential for effective HIV management and for achieving global targets aimed at controlling and ultimately ending the HIV epidemic.