Indian Policy Pathways to Clean Energy Transition

Abstract India’s accelerating economic expansion, coupled with rising energy consumption, makes a planned shift from fossil fuel dependence to renewable energy sources essential. This paper examines India’s clean energy transition architecture, focusing on policy pathways that integrate renewable energy to strengthen energy security and promote sustainable economic development. By analysing existing renewable energy policies, investment structures and implementation barriers, the study finds that India has made substantial progress, achieving 217.62 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by January 2025—an increase of approximately 396% since 2014. Major initiatives such as the National Green Hydrogen Mission, the PM Surya Ghar scheme and various state-led programs reflect the country’s commitment to reaching 500 GW of renewable capacity by 2030. Despite these advancements, key challenges remain, including financing constraints, grid integration complexities and coordination gaps between central and state authorities. The artice also offers policy suggestions, including improved feed-in tariff systems, adoption of innovative financing models and reinforcement of institutional mechanisms. Overall, the findings indicate that India’s integrated strategy—blending technological progress with supportive policy measures—positions it as an emerging global leader in clean energy transition while addressing vital concerns of energy security.