Modulation of emerging pollutants toxicity by sodium dodecyl sulfate in a marine green microalga

values obtained in the isolated toxicity assays, the harmfulness of the pollutants to Tetraselmis sp. was SDS > DCF > ZnO NM. The modulation of toxicity due to the SDS binary mixture was notable with both PECs. Using Isobologram and Abbott models, it was observed the predominance of synergistic interactions in the ZnO NM + SDS mixture, where possibly the surfactant enhances nanoparticle dissolution. The DCF + SDS mixture was marked by antagonistic interactions, possibly through micellar encapsulation of the pharmaceutical. The predictions according to the Könemann model indicate additive interactions for both binary combinations. However, the predictive models employed present limitations, as they disregard the chemical nature of the substances.