H NMR) spectroscopy to identify metabolomic alterations and their correlations with markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and gene expression. SFN supplementation tended to reduce 2-hydroxyisovalerate and glycerol levels, metabolites associated with insulin resistance and oxidative stress, and attenuated methanol elevation. Correlations were identified between heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and several amino acids, and between NRF2 and glycerol, suggesting an interplay between amino acid metabolism and antioxidant defense. Overall, SFN modulated the metabolomic profile of CKD patients, particularly metabolites related to mitochondrial function, lipid metabolism, and oxidative balance. These findings demonstrate that NMR-based metabolomics is a powerful non-invasive approach for elucidating the molecular effects of nutritional therapies in CKD and support SFN as a potential nutraceutical strategy in renal care.
Ribeiro et al. (Thu,) studied this question.