Impact of yttrium doped on 15Na2O•xY2O3•(17-x)P2O5•59.5V2O5•8.5Fe2O3 glass and glass-ceramics as cathode for Na-ion batteries

Rising cost and limited availability of lithium present major challenges for the scalability of lithium-ion batteries. These constraints have motivated the researcher to seek alternative solutions, with sodium emerging as a promising candidate because of its abundance and low cost. Therefore, sodium-ion batteries (SIB) are receiving a lot of attention which has driven researchers to further develop and improve of SIBs. In this present study, we selected the iron-vanadium-phosphate glass ceramics as a base because its promising cathode for sodium ion battery, and were doped with Yttrium to enhance their performance. Glass samples with the composition 15Na 2 O• x Y 2 O 3 •(17- x )P 2 O 5 •V 2 O 5 •8.5Fe 2 O 3 , where ( x = 1, 3, 5 mol%), were prepared by the melt quenching method.. Before and after heat-treat ted x YNPVF samples, respectively denoted as BHT- and AHT- x YNPVF were characterized by Differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), 57 Fe-Mössbauer spectra (FeMS), impedance spectroscopy, and charge-discharge capacity in SIB. The XRD patterns of AHT- x YNPVF presence of the three crystalline phases YPO 4 and NaVP 2 O 7, and Na 0 . 282 V 2 O 5 after heat treatment. FTIR spectra of BHT- and AHT- x YNPVF reveal that Y 2 O 3 enters as a modifier in the glass network, leading to an increase in non-bridging oxygen. The results of 57 Fe-Mössbauer spectra and XANES of BHT- and AHT- x YNPVF showed that iron existed as Fe 3+ with the octahedral coordination. Impedance spectroscopy revealed that the DC conductivity of BHT- x YNPVF glasses increases with increasing Y 2 O 3 content and with additional heat treatment. Charge-discharge capacity shows that the highest initial capacity was 57.4 mAh g -1 for the AHT-1YPVFN at a current density of 50 mA g -1 , and increased to 210 mAh g -1 at a current density of 5 mA g -1 . It is concluded that the introduction of Y 2 O 3 into sodium phosphor vanadate glass resulted in an increase in the cathode performances in SIB.