Ziziphus spina-christi (ZS-C) is gaining attention as a natural feed supplement for livestock production in arid and semi-arid regions. Its leaves contain relatively high crude protein, metabolizable energy, essential minerals, and bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties, suggesting potential nutritional and functional benefits. Studies have shown that dietary supplementation with ZS-C may improve growth performance, feed efficiency, milk and egg production, immune response, and oxidative status in different livestock species. Positive effects on meat, milk, and egg quality have also been reported. In addition, ZS-C may represent a sustainable and cost-effective alternative feed resource under conditions of feed scarcity and climatic stress. However, information on optimal inclusion levels, mechanisms of action, and long-term effects remains limited. The aim of this review is to summarize and critically discuss the current knowledge on the botanical characteristics, nutritional composition, and potential applications of ZS-C in livestock nutrition, with emphasis on animal productivity, physiological responses, product quality, and sustainability aspects.
Attia et al. (Fri,) studied this question.