Better without U : impact of selective Hubbard U correction on foundational MLIPs

Abstract The training of foundational machine learning interatomic potentials (fMLIPs) relies on diverse databases with energies and forces calculated using ab initio methods. We show that fMLIPs trained on large datasets such as MPtrj, Alexandria, and OMat24 encode inconsistencies from the materials project’s (MPs) selective use of the Hubbard U correction, which is applied to certain transition metals only if O or F atoms are present in the simulation cell. This inconsistent use of + U creates two incompatible potential energy surfaces (PES): a lower-energy GGA surface and a higher-energy GGA+ U one. When trained on both, MLIPs interpolate between them, leading to systematic underbinding, or even spurious repulsion, between U -corrected metals and oxygen- or fluorine-containing species. Models such as MACE-OMAT and -MPA exhibit repulsion between U -corrected metals and their oxides, limiting their value for studying catalysis and oxidation. We link the severity of this pathology to the oxygen number density in U -corrected training configurations. This explains why OMAT-trained models are most affected and suggests the issue might worsen as expanding future datasets increasingly include configurations with low oxygen content, such as those generated through combinatorial exploration of multi-element or defect-containing systems. Our simple per- U -corrected-atom shift aligns Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE)+ U and PBE energies for identical structures, yielding a smoother PES compared to existing correction schemes, which target phase diagram accuracy. As a result, models trained on datasets with our shift applied exhibit smaller mean absolute errors for the adsorption energies of oxygen on U -corrected elemental slabs. Since datasets omitting + U entirely (e.g. MatPES, MP-ALOE) avoid these pathologies, we recommend excluding + U in future fMLIP datasets. For existing datasets, our post-hoc correction provides a low-cost improvement.