OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine relationships among personal, family, community, and national resilience and to identify demographic and personal variables associated with different types of resilience. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 238 adults in Israel during the Iron Swords War in 2023, using validated questionnaires to assess the four types of resilience, self-efficacy, exposure to war, exposure to information during emergencies, life events, and demographic variables. Multiple regressions and a path analysis were conducted to identify factors associated with each type of resilience. RESULTS: Positive correlations were found among all types of resilience. Economic status, health, prior trauma, self-efficacy, and national resilience were linked to personal resilience. Family resilience was associated with community and national resilience, but not with personal variables. Lower educational levels, exposure to local information, and both family and national resilience are associated with community resilience. A right-wing political stance, exposure to information, and personal, family, and community resilience were associated with national resilience. In addition, self-efficacy and demographic factors contributed to resilience. CONCLUSIONS: The findings show meaningful links between personnel, family, community, and national resilience during armed conflict. Although we cannot establish causality, the results emphasize that resilience operates across multiple levels and highlight the need to consider diverse contexts when studying adaptation under collective strain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Boehm-Tabib et al. (Thu,) studied this question.