This study aims to simulate the non-linear behavior of granular materials by modeling force chains, with a particular focus on the relationship between pile tip resistance and settlement. A simulation method based on force chains modeling was developed to reproduce this non-linear behavior. Additionally, a visualization technique for force chains was proposed. The validity of the proposed mechanism was demonstrated through simulations, which confirmed its consistency with established evaluation formulas and geotechnical engineering knowledge.
OHTSUKA et al. (Sun,) studied this question.