Aluminum doping-induced α/γ-MnO₂ heterophase and oxygen vacancy defect engineering for high-performance aqueous zinc-manganese batteries

Key Points

• This study aims to enhance the performance of aqueous zinc-manganese batteries using aluminum doping and defect engineering in manganese oxide.
• Developed a nanorod-structured Al-doped MnO₂ cathode material containing α-MnO₂/γ-MnO₂ phases.
• Investigated the impact of oxygen vacancies on battery performance.
• Evaluated the charging cycles and capacity retention of the developed battery.
• The Al-doped MnO₂ cathode showed a significant increase in capacity and cycle life compared to undoped MnO₂.
• An optimal ratio of α-MnO₂ to γ-MnO₂ phases was identified, enhancing battery efficiency.
• Oxygen vacancy defects improved the electronic conductivity and ion diffusion in the battery structure.