• Clean energy access gap arising from urbanization and ruralization was examined. • A case of low income, lower-middle income, upper-middle income, and high-income groups. • Refugee population, FDI, and innovation worsen urban-rural clean energy access gap. • Urban-rural clean energy access gap is reduced by refugee inflow to high income. • Refugee inflow to low income, lower-middle income, and upper-middle income clean energy access gap.
Alola et al. (Mon,) studied this question.