Abstract Groundwater is vital for ecological balance and human use but is increasingly affected by factors such as pollution, excessive water consumption, and deforestation. We develop an advanced ordinary differential equation (ODE) model that includes new terms reflecting interactions between atmospheric water, surface water, and groundwater. This model incorporates various parameters for pollution, frequent water pumping, and deforestation, and examines how these factors influence groundwater dynamics. To investigate the system’s behavior, we conduct a detailed analysis of equilibrium points and their stability. The model is further validated through numerical simulations by using the Runge-Kutta 4th order (RK4) method, which reveal the influence of various stressors on groundwater sustainability. This approach enhances understanding of groundwater interactions and supports better resource management strategies.
Nisar et al. (Mon,) studied this question.