A core–periphery framework to evaluate dangerous actions in sport

This paper introduces a novel framework for evaluating dangerous actions in sport by integrating Pike’s Essentialist theory with a core–periphery model of action centrality. Recognising that some actions are more fundamental to a sport’s identity than others, the framework distinguishes between core and peripheral actions and assesses their associated risks of harm. Through visual mapping and RAG (Red/Amber/Green) rating, the model enables sport governing bodies to make ethically defensible decisions about rule modifications, such as lowering tackle height in rugby or restricting heading in youth football. The framework is applied to the case of cliff-diving to demonstrate how peripheral yet high-risk actions can be mitigated or eliminated without compromising the sport’s integrity. By offering a structured, normative tool for balancing sports tradition with athlete welfare, this approach contributes to transparent, evidence-based policy in sport ethics and governance.