Transformation of Educational Supervision in Improving School Quality Between Classical Theory and Contemporary Practice

Educational supervision plays a strategic role in improving the quality of learning processes and outcomes in schools. This article aims to examine the transformation of the supervisory approach from classical, authoritative theory to contemporary practices that are more collaborative, reflective, and data-driven. The study was conducted using a descriptive qualitative approach using library research methods, utilizing academic literature, scientific journals, and relevant educational policies. The results indicate that contemporary supervision positions teachers as professional partners and integrates the coaching process with the principles of Total Quality Management (TQM). This paradigm shift requires principals to act as instructional leaders capable of creating a reflective and innovative culture within the school environment. Despite implementation challenges, supervision that is carried out in a targeted, collaborative, and data-driven manner has been proven to encourage improvements in teacher professionalism and overall school quality.