Evolution of Culture in Russia: From History to Modernity Through the Press of the Universal Spirit

The article presents an analysis of the development of Russian culture from ancient times to the present day, with a focus on philosophical and cultural concepts, so, based on Hegel's theory of the universal spirit, the author studies how the cultural development of Russia was inspired by the desire for full self-realization through cultural forms. The work examines issues of cultural evolution, for example, what the Soviet philosopher M.S. Kagan reveals that culture is a composite system that has many subsystems and elements, and the theories of sociocultural evolution and dual inheritance view culture as a mechanism of natural selection and social learning. Further, the article analyzes in detail the influence of Byzantine culture on the formation of the Russian cultural and spiritual landscape, highlighting the role of Christianity, icon painting and architectural styles; The period of Europeanization and the search for national identity in the 18th-19th centuries is discussed, including the reforms of Peter I and the influence of great Russian writers and composers on world culture. Changes in the cultural life of the USSR, especially under the influence of ideology and control in the post-war years, and the subsequent development of science and education are also analyzed; it is determined that in the post-Soviet period the main emphasis is on the process of globalization and the search for a new cultural identity, while the author talks about the role of youth in preserving national culture and overcoming cultural isolation.