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现代国家中许多不同的官员以多种方式参与决策和政策制定，导致难以将道德责任归于任何一位官员。对这一问题的常见回应——基于层级责任和集体责任的概念——扭曲了责任的内涵。基于因果和意志标准的个人责任理念，为归责于公职人员的问题提供了更好的方法。与每一标准相对应的是官员用以为其决策辩护的借口类型。对这些借口在何种条件下消除或减轻责任的分析，为民主中的问责制奠定了基础。
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Dennis F. Thompson（Mon，）研究了这个问题。
www.synapsesocial.com/papers/6a0a02e8a9b588564434b044 — DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1954312
Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:
Dennis F. Thompson
American Political Science Review
Princeton University
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