The healthcare sector contributes significantly to global carbon emissions, with surgical care representing a substantial portion of this environmental impact. This review examines the environmental challenges associated with modern surgical practice, exploring issues related to operating room waste, energy consumption, pharmaceutical waste, and the use of single-use devices. We analyse current solutions being implemented across healthcare systems, including waste reduction strategies, energy-efficient practices, sustainable procurement, and circular economy approaches. Finally, evidence-based recommendations are provided for healthcare administrators, surgical teams, and policymakers to create more environmentally sustainable surgical practices while maintaining high standards of patient care. This article emphasizes that sustainable surgical practice is not only an environmental imperative but also presents opportunities for cost savings and improved healthcare delivery.
Rafaih et al. (2025) studied this question.