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Abstract The mathematical models applied to photovoltaic (PV) modules are typically oversimplified. In general, the models applied to individual PV cells are modified to obtain the “cell” voltage by dividing the module voltage by number of cells in the module. Due to the complexity of the current–voltage (IV) relation and the presence of bypass diodes in commercial PV modules this approach is inappropriate and can lead to incorrect conclusions about the electrical response of a module. This paper provides a method of determining each cell's electrical response using a combination of the Dark IV response of the entire module and injection dependent electroluminescence (EL) imaging. This combination of characterization techniques makes use of equipment that is readily available in commercial facilities as well as regular PV characterization laboratories. This method can be used as an alternative to lock‐in thermography (LIT) based methods, as the equipment required is not always present in standard PV characterization laboratories. In this study, Evolutionary Algorithms are used to optimize the individual cells' electrical parameters. This advanced characterization method can be utilized in commercial facilities, to investigate atypical module electrical response and in research laboratories to investigate the degradation in individual cells within a module.
Dix‐Peek et al. (2021) studied this question.