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May 3, 20260 citationsOpen Access

Mineral crisis as evolutionary driver: the Carnian Pluvial Episode, mammalian orotate-mediated magnesium transport, and lithium orotate as a contemporary footprint

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AHA. D. Hall

Key Points

  • This research explores how magnesium transport mechanisms in mammals evolved during the Carnian Pluvial Episode.
  • Existing evidence is analyzed to connect historical environmental changes to modern biological mechanisms.
  • Focus on SLC2A9 (GLUT9) and SLC22A12 (URAT1) transporters as key players in magnesium and lithium metabolism.
  • Identified coordinated infrastructure for maternal magnesium delivery arising around ~234-232 Ma.
  • Link established between ancient transport mechanisms and modern pharmacokinetics of lithium orotate.

Abstract

We propose that a coordinated transport infrastructure present in modern mammals — comprising the SLC2A9 (GLUT9) facilitative transporter and the SLC22A12 (URAT1) organic anion exchanger — arose during the Carnian Pluvial Episode (~234-232 Ma) under selection for maternal magnesium delivery to offspring, and that the same infrastructure accounts for the distinctive pharmacokinetics of lithium orotate observed in modern mammals.

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Cite This Study

A. D. Hall (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69f6e6ab8071d4f1bdfc76ebhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19952319
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