, were located on IncF, IncN, IncB/O/K/Z, and IncI plasmids, with IncF plasmids showing lower transfer frequencies than IncN and IncI1 conjugative plasmids. These findings identify WWTPs as a major source of MDR and pathogenic E. coli, highlighting their role in environmental dissemination.
Neczpal et al. (2026) studied this question.
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