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May 8, 2026ACS ES&T WaterOpen Access

PFAS in Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment: Process-Level Insights into Transformation and Removal

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Authors

JLJuhe LiuELEdson LópezSGSamantha Good

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Overview

Randomized trial analyzed PFAS in wastewater, revealing treatment process effects on removal in municipal plants.

Key Points

  • This study aims to evaluate the fate of PFAS during wastewater treatment processes and assess their removal efficiency.
  • Analyzed 41 PFAS in wastewater and sludge from three municipal plants in Iowa.
  • Estimated concentrations of PFAA precursors using the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay.
  • Evaluated isomer distributions of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS).
  • Short-chain PFAS were more abundant than long-chain homologues in wastewater and sludge.
  • An average of 42 ± 29% of total PFAS were removed from the aqueous phase during treatment.
  • Aeration enhanced precursor oxidation, while secondary clarification promoted PFAS removal through solids separation.

Cite This Study

Liu et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69fd7e42bfa21ec5bbf067e0https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.6c00080
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1From Home to Hazard: Tracking PFAS From Residential Wastewater Through Wastewater Treatment Sludge to Sludge‐Derived Ash2025
  2. 2A Critical Review of PFAS Analysis, Occurrence, and Fate in Wastewater Treatment Plants2025
  3. 3Assessing PFAS and Their Precursor Transformation in a Landfill Leachate‐Impacted Wastewater Treatment Plant2025
  4. 4Fate of 15 PFAS in Two Full-Scale Wastewater Sludge-Handling Systems: An Interstage Mass Balance Analysis2024 · 2 citations
  5. 5Comparative Analysis of Influent and Effluent Measurements of PFAS at Wastewater Treatment Facilities2026