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This paper explores the spillover and leverage effects, as well as trading volume dynamics, of Financial, Technology, and FinTech Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) using ARMA-GARCH and ARMA-EGARCH models. The study indicates that these ETF sectors and the stock market index have significant connections and interdependencies, which can transmit shocks and volatility. Market fluctuations significantly impact the ETF sectors, with negative shocks having a more significant impact on volatility. Furthermore, increased volatility is linked to increased trading activity, which indicates active investor adjustments in uncertain periods. The practical implications of these findings for investors, portfolio managers, and policymakers are aimed at supporting portfolio diversification, risk management, and asset allocation decisions. Understanding the effect of market volatility on trading volumes can help improve trading strategies and liquidity management. The paper increases comprehension of spillover and leverage effects and trading volume in ETFs, enabling stakeholders to make well-informed decisions in the financial markets.
Hussain et al. (2024) studied this question.