Purpose This study was conducted to assess the clinical significance of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-positive circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as predictive biomarkers for the efficacy of PD-(L)1 inhibitor-based treatment in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Experimental design We enrolled 59 patients with unresectable HCC who received immunotherapy-based treatment and analyzed CTCs, PD-L1 + CTCs and molecules in peripheral blood. An innovative telomerase reverse transcriptase-based method was applied to detect specific CTCs. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression were used to evaluate clinical outcomes, such as progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results CTCs were detected in 86.4% (51/59) of patients, with a PD-L1-positive rate of 83.7% (41/49). Compared with the “PD-L1 + CTC Low” group, the “PD-L1 + CTC High” group had significantly shorter PFS (median PFS: 7.72 vs 16.1 months, p=0.037) and shorter OS (median OS: 13.89 vs 36.97 months, p=0.031). The “PD-L1 + CTC Fewer & Low” group had the longest survival outcomes (median PFS: 17.03 months, median OS: 36.97 months), whereas the “PD-L1 + CTC More & High” group had the poorest outcomes (median PFS: 5.3 months, median OS: 10.77 months) (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that the PD-L1 + CTC count and ratio were an independent predictor of PFS. Significant correlations were found between PD-L1 + CTC and several immune-related molecules, such as immune checkpoint molecules (CD28, TIM-3, and CD80) and regulatory factors (BDNF, and BLTA). Conclusions PD-L1 + CTCs are potential indicators correlating with the shorter PFS and OS of immunotherapy-based treatment in patients with advanced HCC. The “PD-L1 + CTC Low & Fewer” classification was associated with better clinical outcomes and immune-related molecules.
Gong et al. (2026) studied this question.