AbstractHormones play a pivotal role in maintaining oral tissue homeostasis by regulating cellular metabolism, immune responses, vascular integrity, and bone remodeling. Alterations in hormonal balance whether physiological, such as puberty, pregnancy, and menopause, or pathological, such as endocrine gland disorders can significantly influence oral health. The oral cavity frequently reflects early manifestations of systemic hormonal disturbances, presenting as gingival inflammation, altered salivary flow, periodontal destruction, mucosal lesions, and changes in bone density. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the effects of hormonal imbalances on oral tissues, emphasizing pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, and gonadal hormone disorders, as well as stress-related hormonal dysregulation. Understanding these interactions is essential for early diagnosis, interdisciplinary management, and improved oral and systemic health outcomes.
Kanika Sharma (2026) studied this question.