A crucial component of foundation engineering is ground improvement, which enhances the stability and load-bearing capacity of troublesome and poor soils to support civil engineering projects. Ground improvement is crucial for safe and cost-effective foundation design, as inadequate soil conditions often lead to excessive settlement, differential movement, and structural strain. This review article offers a thorough assessment of research papers on ground improvement methods utilizing various materials that were published between 2010 and 2024, with a focus on how they are used in foundation engineering. Conventional stabilizers like cement and lime, industrial byproducts like fly ash and crushed granulated blast furnace slag, natural elements like fibres and biopolymers, and artificial reinforcements like geosynthetics are all covered in the study. Critical analysis is done on how these materials affect important geotechnical characteristics, such as shear strength, bearing capacity, compressibility, and permeability. The review also emphasizes how better soils perform in raft foundations, embankment-supported buildings, and shallow and deep foundation systems. The latest advancements in environmentally friendly and sustainable ground improvement techniques that make use of trash and repurposed materials are also highlighted. Field implementation, environmental effects, and durability challenges are highlighted. By choosing appropriate ground improvement materials and processes, this study seeks to give researchers and practicing engineers’ useful information for creating foundation systems that are safe, long-lasting, and reasonably priced.
Bagwan et al. (2026) studied this question.