Europe's Critical Raw Materials Act faces a fundamental implementation barrier: community opposition has emerged as the decisive constraint on new mining projects, not geology or economics.With 85% of known domestic mineral deposits lying within or near environmentally protected areas, operationalising the Critical Raw Materials Act requires institutional innovations grounded in community realities.Drawing on stakeholder consultations across European regions, three prerequisites for community acceptance were identified: demonstrable material criticality for societal needs, minimal environmental impact through technological innovation and fair and binding benefit-sharing.This paper introduces two complementary institutional mechanismssystematic decision-making frameworks and community development agreements -that address these conditions while upholding democratic values and environmental standards.These frameworks require no changes to EU legislation, are adaptable across member state contexts and provide practical pathways for reconciling strategic resource security with local legitimacy.
Correia et al. (2026) studied this question.