Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Veterinary Science: A Prospective Biomarker for Fertility and Productivity: A Review

Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein that belongs to the Transforming Growth Factor-ß superfamily. It is produced in developing antral and pre-antral follicles in the mammalian ovary and serves as a reliable endocrine marker of ovarian reserve and for predicting response to a superovulation protocol. Multiple works have found that AMH expression in the follicles is dependent on the stage of follicular development. Plasma AMH concentrations are dynamic in the prepubertal age, the estrous cycle, and in the transition from gestation to the postpartum period. These shifts mean internal physiological changes in ovarian activities. Notably, levels of AMH are highly correlated with the ovulatory response, superovulation success, and reproductive longevity. It remains relatively stable throughout the reproductive cycle and is highly correlated with antral follicle count and embryo yield. It is also a useful diagnostic marker of reproductive disorders. Further use of AMH would be valuable for improving fertility diagnostics and reproductive planning in veterinary science. The aim of this review was to discuss the patterns of AMH expression, its role in reproductive development, and the factors that regulate its function concerning fertility and productivity.