Environmental policies in India reflect a multifaceted approach to addressing ecological challenges through a combination of legislative action, institutional mechanisms, and public engagement. With a growing population, rapid industrialization, and increasing environmental degradation, India has been proactive in formulating comprehensive policies that aim to ensure ecological sustainability while balancing socio-economic development. Landmark legislations such as the Environment Protection Act (1986), the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974), and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1981) form the legal backbone of the country's environmental governance. These acts have empowered regulatory institutions like the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) to enforce environmental standards and monitor compliance. In addition to legal instruments, India has launched several national-level missions to address critical environmental concerns. The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), with its eight core missions, represents a strategic framework to promote renewable energy, enhance energy efficiency, and protect natural ecosystems. Community-centered initiatives such as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and Namami Gange reflect the government’s efforts to engage citizens in sanitation and river rejuvenation efforts, highlighting the importance of behavioural change and local participation. Equally significant is the role of educational institutions in fostering environmental awareness. Through curriculum integration, workshops, campus sustainability practices, and community outreach, schools and universities have become key platforms for cultivating environmentally responsible citizens. This paper critically reviews India’s major environmental acts, missions, and awareness campaigns, analysing their implementation, challenges, and long-term impact. It also emphasizes the need for continuous policy innovation and public education to strengthen environmental stewardship. By offering a holistic overview, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of India’s environmental policy framework and its evolving role in sustainable development.
B et al. (2025) studied this question.