The common understanding today is that the Universe is expanding. Although the consensus still favors an accelerating universe, some studies have suggested that when data uncertainties and model assumptions are carefully taken into account, the evidence may not be as strong as initially claimed. This highlights the need for continued scientific scrutiny and more refined analyses. The concept of dark energy has played a catalytic role in cosmic dynamics. The standard cosmological model assumes that dark energy takes the form of a cosmological constant—an energy density that remains constant in space and time. However, this has led also to problems, remaining unresolved today. Trying to be as consistent as possible with the today’s state-of-the-art, a new concept is introduced concerning mainly the Hubble parameter treatment and dark energy behavior. Concerning present key findings: (a) indication of a non-accelerated expanding universe dictated by the universe global inflow “Energy Rate (ER)” with a constant expectation value, (b) indication of a universe most likely, born and sustained by the quantum vacuum energy associated with space. The present concept seems to resolve the cosmological constant problem controversy in full alignment with the quantum field theory predictions.The Hubble tension problem is also confronted successfully.
J.G. Bartzis (2025) studied this question.