Portable internet of things-based soil nutrients monitoring for precision and efficient smart farming

This paper describes the design and implementation of a portable internet of things (IoT)-based system for online monitoring of soil nutrients, specifically nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), to improve precision and efficiency in smart farming. The main goal is to use IoT technology to analyze soil conditions on-site and provide advice about fertilization and soil management. The system measures soil nutrient levels using field-based sensors, such as an NPK probe, and transmits data over a wireless sensor network. The research comprises a quantitative evaluation of the performance of the IoT system using various sensors. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the accuracy of the IoT device with industrial soil nutrient measurement equipment, demonstrating differences in P and K values but not in N values. This disparity points to certain areas where the accuracy of the P and K measurements in the IoT system should be improved. This IoT-based soil nutrient monitoring system highlights the potential of smart farming technology to boost agricultural output, optimize resource consumption, and support sustainable farming practices. The system's portability and online data availability provide farmers with exact soil condition information, allowing them to make more efficient and intelligent farming decisions.