Between Growth and Governance: Public Perceptions of Sustainable Urban Development in a Tier II Indian City

Sustainable Urban Development (SUD) has become a central policy priority for rapidly urbanizing cities in India, particularly Tier-II cities that are increasingly absorbing population growth, economic activity, and regional migration. Despite multiple national and state-level urban initiatives, questions remain regarding how sustainability is experienced by residents in such cities. This study examines the key hurdles to Sustainable Urban Development in Muzaffarpur, a Tier-II city in the state of Bihar, through a citizen-centric, perception-based approach. The research is based on primary survey data collected from over 400 residents of Muzaffarpur using a structured questionnaire measured on a five-point Likert scale. The study assesses ten dimensions of urban sustainability, including infrastructure availability, environmental quality, governance effectiveness, project implementation, economic conditions, and overall well-being. Descriptive statistical analysis reveals an overall mean perception score of 2.88, indicating widespread dissatisfaction with the current trajectory of sustainable urban development. Findings show that while economic activity and private investment are perceived relatively positively, these gains have not translated into improved quality of life. Severe deficits in basic infrastructure, inadequate waste management systems, limited and unevenly distributed green spaces, and weak implementation of urban development projects emerge as the most critical challenges. Long-term residents consistently report lower satisfaction levels than newer residents, suggesting that sustainability challenges are persistent and structural rather than transitional. The study highlights a growing disconnect between policy intent and lived urban realities. By foregrounding citizens’ everyday experiences, this research underscores the importance of governance capacity, equitable service delivery, and public trust in achieving meaningful and inclusive urban sustainability. The findings contribute empirical evidence from an under-studied Tier-II city and offer valuable insights for policymakers seeking to move beyond growth-centric urban planning toward people-centered sustainable development.