Electromagnetism in the Chronosphere Model: Geometric Origin of Masses, Charges and Interactions

This paper investigates the hypothesis that all physical scales arise from the incommensurability of the discrete structure of spacetime (chronons) and its continuously emerging boundary. Using the perturbation theory methods of Sadovnichii and Fazullin, a logarithmic correction to the spectrum of the Laplace operator on a sphere with point defects located at the vertices of an icosahedron is derived. The correction coefficient is exactly equal to (π − 3)/(4π). In the holographic approach, this correction maps onto the mass spectrum of radial excitations of hadrons. Analysis of 14 meson trajectories (62 states) yields a value of βexp = 0.0106 ± 0.0022, coinciding with the theoretical value within 0.3σ. The connection with representations of the icosahedral group and the electric charge operator is investigated. Discrepancies for various systems are analyzed: it is shown that deviations correlate with the system mass (smallest for bottomonium, largest for charmonium), which may be related to relativistic effects. Testable predictions for top-quarkonium are formulated, including three independent ratios of excited state masses. A geometric interpretation of electromagnetism through the connection with spacetime torsion is proposed. The work is open to criticism and collaboration.