LEACH Protocol Evolution in WSN: A Review of Energy Consumption Optimization and Security Reinforcement

As a foundational protocol in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), LEACH has long contended with the dual challenges of energy load balancing and security defense. To clarify the protocol’s evolutionary trajectory within the modern IoT context, this paper presents a systematic review and restructuring of LEACH’s optimization mechanisms. The core contributions of this study are threefold: First, it establishes a taxonomy for energy optimization in LEACH. It provides an in-depth analysis of how intelligent algorithms—such as fuzzy logic and meta-heuristics—reshape cluster head election and data transmission paths in heterogeneous network environments, thereby resolving the inherent blindness of traditional mechanisms. Second, it elucidates the evolutionary patterns of LEACH security mechanisms. The paper details the transition of defense strategies from early static encryption and authentication to dynamic countermeasure mechanisms, offering a clear framework for understanding the protocol’s defensive boundaries. Finally, addressing the bottleneck where high security levels often incur high energy costs, the paper explores the feasibility of incorporating zero-trust architecture (ZTA) into WSNs within the future outlook section. This discussion aims to provide a new theoretical perspective for future research on balancing enhanced defense capabilities with energy efficiency.