Abstract We propose a novel framework in which time emerges as a derivative property of dynamic interactions between space and energy. By integrating energy-dependent contributions into the metric tensor, this approach offers a unified description that bridges weak-field dynamics and high-energy regimes. Unlike traditional theories that treat time as a fundamental coordinate, our model derives time from coupled gradients of space and energy , thereby addressing both classical and quantum phenomena. To validate this framework, we present analytical formulations, numerical simulations, and comparisons with observational data. Notably, our model predicts measurable gravitational-wave distortions and anisotropies driven by energy gradients. We also define a controlled “void experiment", wherein time emerges solely from space-energy interactions in the absence of an intrinsic time coordinate. The results extend our understanding of space-time dynamics by incorporating energy-driven effects, offering testable predictions for astrophysical phenomena and high-energy particle experiments. This work aims to reconcile macroscopic and quantum physics under a cohesive explanation of how time arises, paving pathways for deeper experimental and theoretical exploration.
Alavi et al. (2025) studied this question.